Towards security recommendations for public-key infrastructures for production environments in the post-quantum era

EPJ Quantum Technology

Table 2 Time consumption and memory consumption of post-quantum digital signature schemes

Algorithm	Variant of the Algorithm	Key generation, μs	Signing, μs	Signature verification, μs	Public key size, byte	Signature size, byte	Secret key size, byte
Falcon	n = 768	13,882	562	87	1441	1036.02	6145
CRYSTALS-DILITHIUM	Very high	88	203	89	1760	3366	3856
Rainbow	Classic	34,980	277	317	710,640	156	511,448
Rainbow	Compressed	41,371	24,707	7094	206,744	156	64
GeMSS	GeMSS192	79,817	900,851	478	1,304,192	52	40,280
	BlueGeMSS192	81,263	132,560	557	1,331,744	53	41,720
	RedGeMSS192	83,529	3672	447	1,359,584	55	40,760
Picnic	picnic-L3-FS	18	10,064	8608	49	74,191.2	73
	picnic-L3-UR	24	13,224	11,088	49	121,849	73
	picnic2-L3-FS	20	443,936	157,228	49	27,062.15	73
SPHINCS⁺	sphincs-haraka-192f	14,844	439,211	21,963	48	35,664	96
	sphincs-sha256-192s	195,818	4,390,120	3486	48	17,064	96
	sphincs-shake256-192f	8767	240,173	12,405	48	35,664	96