Table 2 The table shows data from the ENT testing of the ciphertext produced by encrypting the picture of Einstein using 2- and 3-qubits QPP. We also include ideal values of the ENT testing in the first column for comparison
From: Quantum encryption with quantum permutation pad in IBMQ systems
ENT test values | Ideal Values | 2-qubits QPP | 3-qubits QPP | AES-256 | Plaintext |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entropy (bits) | 7.98 | 7.934235 | 7.938312 | 7.936005 | 7.323068 |
Chi-square | 256 | 277.57 | 270.07 | 250.98 | 8853.85 |
p-Value | [0.01,0.99] | 0.1585 | 0.2471 | 0.5541 | 0.0001 |
Arithmetic Mean | 127.50 | 127.6751 | 126.1195 | 129.0124 | 119.7248 |
Monte Carlo π | 3.141592 | 3.128107075 | 3.112810707 | 2.986899563 | 3.120458891 |
Serial Correlation | 0 | −0.006264 | −0.011305 | −0.002608 | 0.244054 |