Figure 1

Flowchart of the QIA protocol combining the examples in Table 2. In the flowchart, the quantum state is represented as a vector in the \(xoz\), and the quantum rotation is denoted as a quantum variational circuit. Inputting a quantum state into the circuit means that a quantum rotation is applied to a quantum state. The parameters in the three quantum variational circuits are determined by \(k_{\mathrm{app}}\), \(k_{ide}\) and \(k_{\mathrm{ver}}\) according to the quantum rotation expressions