Quantum identity authentication based on the extension of quantum rotation

EPJ Quantum Technology

Table 3 Comparison of protocol performance

Protocol	Realization method¹	Length of identification code	Quantum bit efficiency (%)²	Note³
[38]	Bell states	n	15	two-way certification
[39]	Bell states	2n	33.3	key-update
[40]	Bell states	6n	33.3	two-way certification
[41]	Bell states	2n	≤88.9	two-way certification
[42]	Cluster state	n	16.7	two-way certification
[43]	Cluster state	4n	33.3	–
[44]	QKD with Mubs	n	33.3	–
[45]	QKD with Mubs	n	50	–
[46]	QKD with Mubs	n	50	key-update
[47]	QKD with Mubs	9n	≥45	key-update
[48]	QKD with Bell state	2n	50	two-way certification
[49]	Error avoidance code	n	25	–
[21]	Shared secret	n	33.3	key-update
[50]	QPKC	n	50	–
[29]	Quantum walks	n	−−	two-way certification
Our	Quantum rotation	n	≥50	–

¹ Realization method refers to the most significant quantum resources used by the protocol, and some auxiliary resources are not marked. ² Quantum bit efficiency stands for the approximate value calculated from the Equation (26) in the ideal state. The quantum bit efficiency of some protocols is variable, and the range is given in this table. Among them, [29] cannot evaluate the quantum bit efficiency due to the use of quantum walks. ³Note denotes additional purposes that can be achieved by QIA protocol. Some protocols enable multi-party authentication. In some protocols, only part of the authentication code changes after each authentication or equivalently achieves key-update, which is also marked as achieving key-update.